Univ. of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
B.A., Geology (1950).
BSci, Chemistry (1953);
PhD, Geology (1955)

Positions:
Dept. Geology, Univ. California, Riverside (UCR)(1954- 1969),
joint with Institute of Geophysics, UCLA.

Stanford University (1969-1979)
Departmental Chairman at UCR and Stanford.

Research Scientist, Oak Ridge National Lab.(ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee,(1980-1984).

Dept. of Geological Sciences, Mackay School of Mines, Univ. Nevada, Reno.
Adjunct Professor.(1986-94);
Research Professor (1994- )

Major Research Accomplishments

1. Invented teflon and gold cell equipment that reacted minerals with corrosive solutions at elevated temperatures and pressures, from which could be withdrawn filtered liquid samples without disturbing conditions. Now used internationally.

2. Reacted basalt with seawater at 200°C, which generated solids observed on seafloor near spreading centers, explained anomalies in seawater composition. Other work was triggered.

3. Reacted sedimentary rocks underlying Carlin with aqueous solutions. Extracted elements found in Carlin-type ore deposits.

4. Deduced that the Carlin deposit was product of rock-water interactions; defined Carlin-type deposits from field and laboratory studies at Stanford and the USGS.

5. Large crystals of orthoclase and quartz in granitic rocks were shown to be from rearrangement in solid state, from studies of the Papoose Flat pluton, Inyo Range, California. Stress energy cycled in a newly emplaced quartz monzonite pluton. Igneous minerals were rearranged to megacrystals of orthoclase and quartz. Excess energy of stress cycled in local reactions.

6. Excess energy of liquefaction cycles in reaction cells. The cell is based on far-from-equilibrium reactions and differential solubilities of minerals in gradients of temperature and pressure in gravitational fields. Mechanism of migration of mass and energy in earth. Accounts large scale replacement of solids in the earth, and for passive features of granites.

7. Deduced cause of distribution of hot spots at points independent of areal thermal features.

8. Surface-directed processes by energy released in earth are scientific reasons to rule out underground storage of waste.

9. Book in process on roles of Poincaré, Popper, and Prigogine in the recent revolution in science, and non-recognition of the revolution.